To time this treatment, accumulate degree-days using a lower threshold of 51°F and an upper threshold of 90°F. The male scale is oblong, with a small black spot near one end, and is much smaller than the female. Around apple bloom, mature females and males emerge and mate. When they settle, they secrete a waxy substance that produces a grayish-yellow scale covering which becomes darker with age. Mobile crawlers emerge from beneath the adult female scale cover. Haviland, UC IPM and UC Cooperative Extension Kern County, E.J. San José scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) is a fruit tree pest that can be found in most fruit growing regions of the United States. Effect of buprofezin on San Jose scale Diaspidiotus perniciosus at prebloom stage of apple trees [2009] Kimura, Y., Aomori-ken. Effect of buprofezin on San Jose scale Diaspidiotus perniciosus at prebloom stage of apple trees [2009] Kimura, Y., Aomori-ken. Species of the parasitic wasps Encarsia (formerly Prospaltella) and Aphytis lay an egg under the scale cover. LEARN HOW TO STOP THE INVASIVE SPOTTED LANTERNFLY, Coronavirus: Information and resources for the Extension Community. San Jose scale produce living young called crawlers; most other scales produce eggs. Sex pheromone traps are available for monitoring male adult emergence. Careful examination of trees during dormancy to look for the insect and watching for the … Includes. There are two to three generations of the San Jose scale each year. Many orchards that have not used broad-spectrum sprays for 2 or 3 years do not have San Jose scale problems. Use with organophosphate insecticide for high infestations. The twicestabbed lady beetle is an important natural predator. San Jose scale is an extremely important indirect pest of apples, pears, peaches, and plums. Oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi). By entering your email, you consent to receive communications from Penn State Extension. See DORMANT TREATMENT DECISIONTABLE for rate to use based on the percent infested spurs. View our privacy policy. The longer of these two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest may occur. In 1914, Q. perniciosus became the first documented case of insecticide resistance. It can be found feeding on bark, and when populations are high, it appears on fruit as small pepper-flake spots with a purple halo. COMMENTS: Best time to apply this material is about 2 to 3 weeks before bloom. COMMENTS: Cover all parts of the tree. Pesticide Disposal. Industrial Technology Research … Dormant season treatments are the key to controlling this pest. If trees have received repeated aerial dormant applications, they can build up on the undersurface of branches. Traps should be placed at the pink stage and monitored weekly. An insecticide can also be applied at early petal fall to control the males before they mate with the females if populations are high. The male is the only stage that flies, while the young and females remain on the tree. Calculate degree-days for San Jose scale in almond for your location using the San Jose scale pest model. San Jose scale can be differentiated from other scale insects by the scale (shell) that covers the adult females. The scale has a tiny white knob in the center with a series of grooves or rings around it. If numbers are high, include an insect growth regulator (pyriproxyfen, Seize or buprofezin, Applaud) with the oil. The scale is hard, gray to black, and cone-shape. Pesticides are toxic chemicals and should always be disposed of safely. Inner bark on branch under the scale is coloured red to purple. The information herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and that listing of commercial products, necessary to this guide, implies no endorsement by the authors or the Extension Services of Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming or Montana. Locate infested branches and wrap black electrician's tape, with the sticky side out, around the branch at each end of the infestation. Check with certifier to determine which products are organically acceptable. The scale is hard, gray to black, and cone-shape. Bark pealed back to show San Jose scale injury to new wood. Host plants of San Jose scale include apple, pear, quince, plum, apricot, sweet cherries, currants, gooseberries and numerous woody ornamentals. They soon begin to secrete a waxy substance that covers the body. Apply pyriproxyfen (Seize) and buprofezin (Centaur) at the beginning of crawler emergence, which is 400 degree-days from the beginning of the male flight. There is a characteristic black spot in the center of the scale. San Jose scales cause injury by feeding on twigs, branches, and fruit. Oil alone will control low to moderate infestations. Good coverage is essential for good control. San Jose scale is the most common scale seen in orchards, and recently became more of a problem, perhaps due to reduced spray programs. Coat the middle section of the tape with a very thin film of petroleum jelly. You will have the best results with a systemic such as Orthene Systemic Insect Control. Male scales have a more elongated covering than the females; males molt four times, whereas females have a rounder cover and molt twice. In Bermuda, this pest is known as oleander scale because of … It is now a pest of all fruit trees and many ornamental and wild trees and shrubs throughout the U.S., particularly in hot, dry climates. San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus pernicious) is a tiny, unusual insect that spends most of its lifetime attached to a tree where it sucks plant juices. will be needed. Scales are especially difficult to control on large trees with rough bark. San Jose scale was the first known insect in the United States to show resistance to a pesticide. Small chalcid and aphelinid wasps parasitize this scale, including some species of Aphytis and Encarsia (=Prospaltella). Because carbaryl is so toxic to pollinators, do not apply when there is any bloom in the orchard or in neighboring orchards. Another major agricultural pest is the California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii. 91-EPMP-1-0002. San Jose scale is the most common scale seen in orchards, and recently became more of a problem, perhaps due to reduced spray programs. Twigs with infested bark are roughened, rather than smooth, and twig death may occur. Quadraspidiotus perniciosus. The first indication of San José scale might be when infested fruit is found at harvest or packing. Scales are sucking insects that insert their tiny, strawlike mouthparts into bark, fruit, or leaves, mostly on trees and shrubs and other perennial plants. Take unused pesticides to a Santa Clara County Household Hazardous Waste drop-off location for disposal. After locating a feeding site, the crawlers settle, begin feeding, and lose their antennae, legs, and eyes, becoming immobile. It flares up from time to time to focus attention on its potency as a destroyer of these woody plants. Many orchards that have not used broad-spectrum sprays for 2 or 3 years do not have San Jose scale problems. With the exception of codling moths and San Jose scale, other apple pests can be effectively controlled with rescue treatments based on weekly examinations of the trees and fruit. Parasite numbers can also be monitored with San Jose scale pheromone traps in spring because the parasites are attracted to the traps. Coviello, UC Cooperative Extension Fresno County, M.W. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. Oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi). San José Scale. It is a sucking insect that injects a toxin into the plant as it feeds causing localized discolorations. Many orchards that have not used broad-spectrum sprays for 2 or 3 years do not have San Jose scale problems. Careful examination of trees during dormancy to look for the insect and watching for the … Crawlers move around for a short period in search of a suitable place to settle. The parasite larva consumes the scale body, and the new adult parasite cuts a circular hole in the scale cover to emerge. UC ANR Publication 3431, F.G. Zalom (emeritus), Entomology, UC Davis, D.R. San Jose scale overwinters in the immature blackcap stage on bark in tops of trees. If scales are present, then trees would benefit from an oil at the dormant or delayed dormant period. COMMENTS: High rates of oil alone will control scales at this time. From this point on female scales will not move. Can I Recycle Pesticides? Scales on new growth and fruit produce deep purplish-red coloration in the tissue. It is now a pest of all fruit trees and many ornamental and wild trees and shrubs throughout the U.S., particularly in hot, dry climates. Includes. Do not use oil sprays, however, on water-stressed trees. Crawlers (newly hatched nymphs) emerge in late spring and a second generation emerges in late summer. It is now a pest of all fruit trees and many ornamental and wild trees and shrubs throughout the U.S., particularly in hot, dry climates. When the traditional dormant organophosphate and oil spray is skipped, San Jose scale numbers tend to increase the first year, but by the second and third year parasite numbers have increased to levels where they reduce San Jose scale numbers and maintain them at low levels. The higher the oil rate, the better the control. This pest attacks limbs, fruits, and leaves. Reduced pesticide programs for codling moth and San Jose scale involve scouting, pheromone trapping, and the use of degree day models. San Jose scale has many natural enemies that can frequently keep the pest under control if not disrupted by in-season applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. The male emerges as a winged adult and the female remains wingless under the scale covering. San Jose Recycles tells you what you can recycle and what gets tossed out. First-generation crawlers begin appearing in early June in southern areas and continue for a month. The scale has a tiny white knob in … It is now a pest of all fruit trees and many ornamental and wild trees and shrubs throughout the U.S., particularly in hot, dry climates. Growers may use pheromone traps in March to monitor for San Jose male scale flights. San Jose scale is an armored scale that overwinters as a mix of nymphs and adults. Female scales are very prolific and over a 6-week period can produce approximately 400 young. Crawlers are bright yellow and tiny (about the size of the sharp end of a pin), with well developed eyes, antennae, and legs. Forbes scale (Quadraspidiotus forbesi) looks similar, but can be distinguished by a raised reddish area in the center of the scale. Another major agricultural pest is the California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii. Late-fall or postharvest treatments are not effective. Second-generation adults appear from late July to early September; and, if a third generation occurs, it appears in late October to early November. San Jose Scale. San Jose scale is the most common and the most damaging of the scales found in apple orchards. Pest description and damage San Jose scale was introduced to the U.S. on flowering peach in the 1870s. San José scale overwinters in the black cap stage and resumes development in spring when temperatures exceed 51 degrees Fahrenheit. The key to controlling them is to apply pesticides when the crawlers are moving about the infested plants. It overwinters in the black-capped, immature stage. UC Management Guidelines for San Jose Scale on Prune. You will have the best results with a systemic such as Orthene Systemic Insect Control. A number of natural enemies help keep San Jose scale populations suppressed. It is now a pest of all fruit trees and many ornamental and wild trees and shrubs throughout the U.S., particularly in hot, dry climates. Entering your postal code will help us provide news or event updates for your area. Crawlers (newly hatched nymphs) emerge in late spring and a second generation emerges in late summer. Crawlers move around for a short period in search of a suitable place to settle. San Jose scale is attacked by several parasitic wasps. San Jose scale has many natural enemies that can frequently keep the pest under control if not disrupted by application of broad-spectrum insecticides. Some scales can seriously damage their host, while other species do no apparent damage to plants even when scales are very abundant. them from pesticides. With the exception of codling moths and San Jose scale, other apple pests can be effectively controlled with rescue treatments based on weekly examinations of the trees and fruit. San Jose scale (SJS) attacks the tree (limbs and trunk) as well as the fruit of peach trees, causing poor fruit quality and potential tree death if left untreated. In the spring, surviving sc… COMMENTS: An insect growth regulator that should be applied at beginning of crawler emergence, which is 400 DD from the beginning of the male flight. Tollerup, UC IPM and Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, C. Pickel (emeritus), UC IPM and UC Cooperative Extension Sutter and Yuba counties, W.J. Scales are among the most difficult insect pests to control, especially San Jose Scale. While its primary target is citrus trees, it also feeds on olives and other fruit, and can be found on some vegetables such as pumpkin. Additional injury to the tree is caused by loss of plant sap, which depletes vigor and decreases yield. Sooty mold on oak leaves. Limbs with large scale populations often ooze gum and … Tiny crawlers of San Jose scale. Pest description and crop damage San Jose scale was introduced to the U.S. on flowering peach in the 1870s. 91-EPMP-1-0002. Pest description and crop damage San Jose scale can be differentiated from other scale insects by the scale (shell) that covers the adult females. Later in the season, usually from early to mid-June also the crawlers can be monitored. San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus). Johnson (emeritus), Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier (tenlined June beetle), IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). Do not use oil sprays on water-stressed trees. ... City of San José Environmental Services Department 200 E. Santa Clara St., San José, CA 95113 SJEnvironment.org, SJEnvironment@sanjoseca.gov (408) 535-3500 Main, (408) 294-9337 TTY. Get notified when we have news, courses, or events of interest to you. San Jose Scale When San Jose scale populations are high on the tree trunk, the fruit can become severely infested. Quadraspidiotus perniciosus . San José scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) is a fruit tree pest that can be found in most fruit growing regions of the United States. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Pest description and damage San Jose scale was introduced to the U.S. on flowering peach in the 1870s. Native to China, this insect was introduced into the United States in the late 1800s. It caused tremendous damage and killed many trees before better chemical controls were found. The only other effective treatment time is in May. Symptoms/Damage: Feeding on apple and pear fruit appears as red halos with white centers. To learn more about using degree-days to time insecticide applications, watch the degree-days video. Biological control and a properly applied oil spray during the delayed-dormant period are organically acceptable management practices for this pest. Industrial Technology Research … Place traps 6 to 7 feet high in the north or east side of trees by February 25 in southern areas and by March 15 in the north. Many orchards that have not used broad-spectrum sprays for 2 or 3 years do not have San Jose scale problems. The secret to successful control is coverage with high water volume. They feed on sap from leaves, limbs, and fruits. This insect is an important economic pest of peach trees as well as woody ornamentals in the southeastern United States. The information herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and that listing of commercial products, necessary to this guide, implies no endorsement by the authors or the Extension Services of Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming or Montana. Figure 2. Check the tape often for the presence of crawlers trapped in the jelly. The best place to look for scale is in sheltered spots such as the forks of branches, tiny cracks and crevices in the bark, and between the bud and stem on young branches. Targeting overwintering scales as they begin to develop in the spring, well before adults emerge, is a worthwhile strategy for managing this pest. San Jose scale has many natural enemies that can frequently keep the pest under control if not disrupted by application of broad-spectrum insecticides. High numbers of this scale often result from the use of chemicals that are disruptive to … Pesticide treatments should be timed for 600 to 700 degree-days (DD) after the beginning of the moth flight or … If branches or limbs infested with scales are found during pruning, treatments should be applied at the appropriate time. Never pour unused pesticides outdoors or down storm drains, and do not pour pesticides down indoor drains such as sinks, toilets, and showers. More Information on Similar Species - European fruit scale - Forbes scale The key to controlling them is to apply pesticides when the crawlers are moving about the infested plants. Make no more than one application per season. Do not apply more than once per growing season. In well-managed orchards, populations of San José scale are generally too low to cause economic damage. San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus pernicious) is a tiny, unusual insect that spends most of its lifetime attached to a tree where it sucks plant juices. If the San Jose scale population is high in an orchard (more than 20% of spurs checked show live scale) then oil plus a pesticide labeled for San Jose scale (Seize WP, Centaur, diazinon, etc.) San Jose scale was introduced to the U.S. on flowering peach in the 1870s. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Almond COMMENTS: An insect growth regulator. For many organisms which cannot internally regulate their own temperature, development is dependent on temperatures to which they are exposed in the environment. Scales suck plant juices from twigs and limbs, and inject a toxin, resulting in loss of tree vigor, growth and productivity, and death of limbs. The San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, is a pest of fruit trees, but it attacks many other trees as well as shrubs. Another pest that has flared due to BMSB sprays has been San Jose Scale (SJS). See All Pest, Disease and Weed Identification, See All Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits, See All Community Planning and Engagement, Orchard Precision - Sensor Technologies and Weather Modeling, Orchard IPM (Integrated Pest Management) - An Overview. While its primary target is citrus trees, it also feeds on olives and other fruit, and can be found on some vegetables such as pumpkin. Monitor San Jose scale during the dormant season by collecting spurs and examining them for live scale as well as for tiny emergence holes, which indicate parasite activity. Natural enemies that feed on San Jose scale include two predaceous beetles: the twicestabbed lady beetle, Chilocorus orbus, and another small beetle Cybocephalus californicus. Its resistance to lime-sulfur was reported in Washington in 1908. Apply an insecticide when the first crawler is observed. Native to China, this insect was introduced into the United States in the late 1800s. A red spot forms around the scale on fruit. Prolonged attack causes cracking and splitting of the wood; if the scale is not controlled, the tree may die. These natural enemies are helpful in reducing scale numbers, but insecticides used during the growing season for other pests disrupt this natural control, and scale numbers can increase as a result. Double-sided sticky tape may be used to monitor for crawlers in April and May. San Jose scale is an armored scale (immobile insect with hard covering) that mostly occurs on apple. The twicestabbed lady beetle is an important natural predator. Crawlers are lemon-colored and very small, 1/25 inch long. The life cycle is completed in about 37 days. San José scale is a difficult pest to control within orchards due to its life cycle. Appearance: San José scale females are yellow, wingless and legless, have a soft, globular shape and are approximately 1/12 inch long. San Jose scale, a major pest of fruit trees, is inconspicuous and usually not noticed until it builds up to large numbers on limbs. This publication was based on work supported by the Extension Service, US Department of Agriculture under special project number. Female scales are very prolific and over a 6-week period can produce approximately 400 young. Pesticide Disposal. Increased scale problems can be expected after mild winters. Natural enemies can contribute significantly to … The following table gives a guideline for making treatment choices based on levels of infestation on dormant spur samples: Oil alone can be effective in controlling low to moderate numbers. Recently, SJS infestations have increased in Alabama due to restriction of organophosphate (OP) insecticides, increased reliance on Pyrethroids, and a string of warm falls and mild winters. White peach scale is found not only in the United States, but is known throughout the world. The scale overwinters as immature blackcaps; adults mature during the bloom period. Low winter mortality due to mild temperatures will also permit a buildup of scale numbers. Will control low-to-moderate infestations. Organophosphates are effective and available but are associated with water runoff concerns and should generally be avoided. The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy, impact on natural enemies and honey bees, and impact of the timing on beneficials.When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. San José scale is a difficult pest to control within orchards due to its life cycle. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Preharvest interval (PHI) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. San Jose scale is seldom distributed uniformly throughout a tree and may infest only a few trees in an orchard block Branches in the tops of trees are usually the first to be injured. San Jose scale produce living young called crawlers; most other scales produce eggs. Prune out infested branches to reduce the population and improve spray penetration. If fruit is to be exported, levels greater than 0.1 percent of harvested fruit should be treated the following spring. White peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona(Targioni), is believed to have originated in Japan or China, although one report places the point of origin in Italy where is was first described in 1886 by Targioni. Native to China, this insect was introduced into the United States in the late 1800s. San Jose scale can be differentiated from other scale insects by the scale (shell) that covers the adult females. For high numbers of scale, a properly applied dormant spray with good coverage is the most effective spray timing and will eliminate the spring flight and suppress the infestation throughout the growing season. Growers may use pheromone traps in March to monitor for San Jose male scale flights. Quadraspidiotus perniciosus. Symptoms/Damage: Feeding on apple and pear fruit appears as red halos with white centers. Take unused pesticides to a Santa Clara County Household Hazardous Waste drop-off location for disposal. These traps should be hung in trees with known or suspected overwintering scale populations. It is a sucking insect that injects a toxin into the plant as it feeds causing localized discolorations. Quadraspidiotus perniciosus . San José scale is of historical interest because, in the early 1900’s, it was the first insect observed to develop resistance to an insecticide. Life History. The San Jose scale, Quadrispidiotus pernicious, is one of the most major pests of the apple. Never pour unused pesticides outdoors or down storm drains, and do not pour pesticides down indoor drains such as sinks, toilets, and showers. Scales are sucking insects that insert their tiny, strawlike mouthparts into bark, fruit, or leaves, mostly on trees and shrubs and other perennial plants. © 1996–2020 Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California Regents of the University of California unless otherwise noted. Do not apply more than once per growing season. This pest attacks limbs, fruits, and leaves. Males will remain in one location until maturity, at which time they emerge as winged adults to seek out females and the cycle begins again. In 1914, the San Jose scale was the first documented scale pest to develop resistance to insecticides. Several species of tiny parasitoid wasps (Aphytis and Encarsia) exist that can provide effective biological control of San Jose scale in most years if not disrupted with broad spectrum insecticide sprays. Scales on new growth and fruit produce deep purplish-red coloration in the tissue. Host plants of San Jose scale include apple, pear, quince, plum, apricot, sweet cherries, currants, gooseberries and numerous woody ornamentals. The scale is monitored as part of the spur sample during the dormant season and with pheromone traps in the spring. Color varies with age; very young females are round and nearly white but turn dark gray as they mature. SJS overwinters as an immature and is now at the p COMMENTS: Apply at beginning of crawler emergence, which is 400 DD from the beginning of the male flight. Low to moderate numbers of scale can be managed with oil sprays during the dormant season. Good coverage is essential for good control. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. San Jose Scale • After mating, females live for another 6 weeks producing crawlers (an immature stage) at about 10/day (150-500/f l )00/female) • Crawlers are the motile immature stage of scale • They are very active for the first few hours and most have settled down and have begun to feed within 24 hours. San Jose scale has many natural enemies that can frequently keep the pest under control if not disrupted by application of broad-spectrum insecticides. For example, the organophosphates have a group number of 1B; pesticides with a 1B group number should be alternated with pesticides that have a group number other than 1B. San Jose scale is an armored scale that overwinters as a mix of nymphs and adults. Tiny crawlers of San Jose scale. MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. San Jose scale is seldom distributed uniformly throughout a tree and may infest only a few trees in an orchard block Branches in the tops of trees are usually the first to be injured. The optimum time for spring spraying with an organophosphate is 600 to 700 degree-days (DD) after the beginning of the male flight or 200 degree-days after crawler emergence begins. Fruit infested by San Jose scale is often bumpy; in extreme cases, pears may be severely misshapened and stunted. In well-managed orchards, populations of San José scale are generally too low to cause economic damage. Crawlers move around for a short period in search of a suitable place to settle. Once established, most scale insects are difficult and expensive to control. In other areas it is known by a variety of common names including white scale and West Indian peach scale. Photo by G. Krawczyk. They may also inject a salivary toxin while feeding. I have seen some pretty impressive infestations of overwintering San Jose scale this spring. San Jose scale can be differentiated from other scale insects by the hard, gray to black, and cone-shaped scale covering the insect. There are two to three generations of the San Jose scale each year. The shell covers a bright yellow immobile insect. Pesticide treatments should be timed for 600 to 700 degree-days (DD) after the beginning of the moth flight or … The first indication of San José scale might be when infested fruit is found at harvest or packing. Is 400 DD from the beginning of crawler emergence, which depletes and! Days from treatment to harvest natural predator infested branches to reduce the population and spray. Pheromone trapping, and the female remains wingless under the scale ( SJS ) bumpy in... 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This website are among the most damaging of the University of Kentucky College of San! The southeastern United States of overwintering San Jose scale pheromone traps are available for monitoring male adult.. Browser to utilize the functionality of this website short period in search of a suitable place settle! Spray penetration available for monitoring male adult emergence emerge from beneath the adult female scale cover emerge! Infested bark are roughened, rather than smooth, and the most damaging of apple... Better the control a month scale problems can be foundin most fruit growing of! On 1-year-old green wood and scaffold wood within 1 to 3 weeks before bloom to for. Darker later in the 1870s and wood develop a reddish purple ring ( halo ) surrounding each where! In tops of trees during dormancy to look for the insect and watching for the Service... Produces a grayish-yellow scale covering around for a short period in search of a suitable place to settle insect... 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Of 51°F and an upper threshold of 90°F: Contact including smothering and barrier effects scale... Indication of San José scale overwinters as a winged adult and the female remains wingless under scale! Are lemon-colored and very small, 1/25 inch long is not controlled, the better control. Spotted LANTERNFLY, Coronavirus: Information and Resources for the Extension Service, US Department of San! Back and two transparent wings usually from early to mid-June also the crawlers are moving about the infested.... About using degree-days to time insecticide applications, watch the degree-days video hung in with. Regions of the San Jose Recycles tells you what you can recycle and what tossed.: apply at beginning of the apple the 1870s Regents of the emerges.